IgE antibodies from schistosomiasis patients to recognize epitopes in potato apyrase

Abstract INTRODUCTION: High percentages of structural identity and cross-immunoreactivity have been reported between potato apyrase and Schistosoma mansoni ATP diphosphohydrolase (SmATPDases) isoforms, showing the existence of particular epitopes shared between these proteins. METHODS: Potato apyrase was employed using ELISA, western blot, and mouse immunization methods to verify IgE reactivity. RESULTS: Most of the schistosomiasis patient's (75%) serum was seropositive for potato apyrase and this protein was recognized using western blotting, suggesting that parasite and plant proteins share IgE-binding epitopes. C57BL/6 mice immunized with potato apyrase showed increased IgE antibody production. CONCLUSIONS: Potato apyrase and SmATPDases have IgE-binding epitopes.

Indicadores da hanseníase no Estado de Minas Gerais e sua relação com o índice de desenvolvimento humano municipal e a cobertura da estratégia da saúde da família / Indicators of leprosy in the state of Minas Gerais and its relationship with the municipal human development index and the coverage of the family health strategy / Indicadores de lepra en el estado de minas gerais y su relación con el índice de desarrollo humano municipal y la cobertura de la estrategia salud de la familia

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a relação entre os indicadores epidemiológicos da hanseníase, a cobertura da Estratégia da Saúde da Família (ESF) e o Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal (IDHM) em Minas Gerais – Brasil, no período de 1998 a 2013. Trata-se de um estudo ecológico. A forma de mensurar as condições de vida foi a partir do IDHM. Foram realizadas duas análises: uma considerando a média de cada indicador no período de 1998 a 2005, e outra de 2006 a 2013. Foi feita análise descritiva da situação epidemiológica da hanseníase, da cobertura da ESF e do IDHM em Minas Gerais. Em seguida, foi estabelecida uma relação geral entre as taxas de detecções, em menores de 15 anos e com grau 2 de incapacidade e a cobertura da ESF e o IDHM, utilizando os testes de Poisson com inflação de zeros e de Deviance. As análises foram realizadas no programa estatístico SPSS versão 19.0 e Stata versão 10.0. Os resultados sugerem redução da endemia no estado, identificado pela queda dos indicadores da doença. O aumento da cobertura da ESF contribuiu para o aumento da detecção de casos da doença, redução de casos em menores de 15 anos e com grau 2 de incapacidade. Além disso, o aumento do IDHM contribuiu para a redução de casos da doença e de incapacidade grau 2. Apesar das políticas de melhoria do acesso aos serviços de saúde e das condições de vida da população, observa-se a persistência de municípios hiperendêmicos no estado.

The objective of this study was to analyze the relationship between the epidemiological indicators of leprosy, the coverage of the Family Health Strategy(ESF) and the Municipal Human Development Index (IDHM) in Minas Gerais – Brasil, from 1998 to 2013. It is an ecological study. The way to measureliving conditions was through the IDHM. Two analysis were carried out: one considering the average of each indicator in the period from 1998 to 2005,and another from 2006 to 2013. A descriptive analysis was made of the epidemiological situation of leprosy, the coverage of the ESF and the IDHM inMinas Gerais. Next, a relationship was established between the general detection rates, in children under 15 years old and with degree 2 of disability;with the coverage of the ESF and the IDHM, using Poisson tests with zero inflation and Deviance. The analysis was performed in the statistical programSPSS version 19.0 and Stata version 10.0. The results suggest a reduction of the endemic disease in the state, identified by the decrease in the disease indicators. Increased ESF coverage has contributed to the increased detection of cases of the disease, reduction of cases in children under 15 years oldand grade 2 disability. The increase in the IDHM has contributed to the reduction of cases of the disease and disability of grade 2. Despite policies toimprove access to health services and the living conditions of the population, we observe the persistence of hyperendemic municipalities in the state.

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la relación entre los indicadores epidemiológicos de lepra, la cobertura de la Estrategia Salud de la Familia(ESF) y el Índice de Desarrollo Humano Municipal (IDHM) en Minas Gerais – Brasil, de 1998 a 2013. Se trata de un estudio ecológico. Las condicionesde vida se midieron a través del IDHM. Se realizaron dos análisis: uno basado en el promedio de cada indicador entre 1998 y 2005 y otro entre 2006 y2013. Se realizó el análisis descriptivo de la situación epidemiológica de lepra, de la cobertura de la ESF y del IDHM de Minas Gerais. A continuación, seestableció una relación entre las tasas de detecciones en menores de 15 años y con discapacidad grado 2 y la cobertura de la ESF y el IDHM utilizandolas pruebas de Poisson con inflación de ceros y de deviance. Los análisis se realizaron en el programa estadístico SPSS versión 19.0 y Stata versión10.0. La caída de los indicadores de enfermedad en los resultados señala que reducción de la enfermedad endémica en Minas Gerais. El aumento dela cobertura de la ESF contribuyó al aumento de detección de casos y a la reducción de casos en niños menores de 15 años y discapacidad grado 2.Además, el aumento del IDHM contribuyó a la reducción de casos de la enfermedad y de discapacidad grado 2. Se observa que, a pesar de las políticasde mejora en el acceso a los servicios de salud y en las condiciones de vida de la población, aún persisten municipios hiperendémicos en el estado.

Evidence of long term benefit of morbidity reduction due to praziquantel treatment against schistosoma mansoni in Kigungu fishing village in Entebbe, Uganda

Praziquantel (PZQ) is efficacious against Schistosoma mansoni. This was prospective cohort study. This study was carried out at Kigungu fishing village, Entebbe, Uganda. The goal of the study was to establish cost effective regiment for mass drug administration (MDA) of Praziquentel in the morbidity reduction of S.mansoni infection. In January 2004, nine hundred and forty five (945) participants were registered in this study. Our analysis was based on examining microscopically three slides prepared from each of 945 stool specimens delivered by each of the participant using modified Kato/Katz method. These included male and female, children and adults living in Kigungu fishing village in Entebbe Uganda. In total 901, cohorts were re-examined for infections clearance six months later in July 2004 and 18 months later in June 2005, 625 cohorts were again re-evaluated for S.mansoni infections after the baseline study. At baseline, (448) of 945 (47.5%) cohorts were S. mansoni positive. All these participants were treatment with a single oral dose of praziquantel at 40mg/kg. At the same time, 495 (52.5%) were S. mansoni negative. Of the 625 (66.3%) cohorts who came back for final review, 80 (12.8%) were still positive for S. mansoni while 210 (33.6%) remained negative after the base line treatment with praziquantel. On the other hand 103 (16.3%) of cohorts who were initially negative at the base line became S.mansoni positive after 18 months and 213(34.1%) remained negative for S.mansoni. The force of re-infection after six months was significant {(P=0.0001),(OR 0.47) CI at 95% (0.31-0.71)}. Nevertheless the force of reinfection was not significant after 18 months {(P=0.766), (OR 0.95) CI at 95% (0.68-1.34)}.The geometric mean eggs excretion of the 80 cohorts who were S.mansoni positive at 18 months was 151.967.This did not reach the geometric mean egg excreted by the same cohorts at baseline which was 285.05. The egg excretion was reduced by 46.8%. Similarly there was marked decrease in clinical symptoms amongst the cohorts. Our study suggests evidence of long-term benefit of praziquantel in Kigungu and that a yearly administration of praziquantel to the community could be a regiment for mass drug administration (MAD) for this community to control schistosomiasis morbidity

Neurological disease in HIV-infected patients in the era of highly active antiretroviral treatment: a Brazilian experience

Com o objetivo de estudar as doencas neurológicas em pacientes HIV/AIDS e sua relacão com a terapia anti-retroviral altamente ativa, foi realizado estudo transversal em hospital público de doencas infecciosas de Belo Horizonte, Brasil, no período de fevereiro de 1999 a marco de 2000. Doenca neurológica foi observada em 194 (46,5%) dos 417 indivíduos incluídos e um novo episódio de doenca neurológica definidora de AIDS ocorreu em 23,7% pacientes. Toxoplasmose (42,3%), criptococose (12,9%) e tuberculose (10,8%) foram as principais causas de complicacões neurológicas. A maioria dos pacientes estava em uso de terapia anti-retroviral altamente ativa (79,3%) e esses indivíduos apresentaram maiores contagens de linfócitos CD4 (p = 0,014) e maior freqüência de doenca neurológica clinicamente estável, embora não tenha havido diferenca no perfil etiológico das complicacões neurológicas. As doencas neurológicas continuam sendo causas freqüentes de complicacões da infeccão pelo HIV/AIdS no Brasil, e a despeito da terapia anti-retroviral altamente ativa, as infeccões são ainda a principal etiologia das doencas do sistema nervoso.

Distribution and Schistosoma mansoni infection of Biomphalaria glabrata in different habitats in a rural area in the Jequitinhonha Valley, Minas Gerais, Brazil: environmental and epidemiological aspects

This paper examines the distribution and infection of Biomphalaria glabrata with Schistosoma mansoni in all aquatic snail habitats in a rural area in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, in relation to physico/biotic and behavioral factors. Snail and environmental surveys were carried out semi-annually between July 2001 and November 2002 at 106 sites. Collected snails were examined in the laboratory for infection. B. glabrata densities were highest in overflow ponds, irrigation ponds, springs, canals and wells, and lowest in fishponds and water tanks. Snail densities were higher during the hot, rainy season except for streams and canals and were statistically associated with the presence of fish, pollution, and vegetation density. Tilapia fish and an unidentified Diptera larva were found to be predators of B. glabrata but ducks were not. Twenty-four of the 25 infected snails were collected in 2001(1.4 percent infection rate) and only one in 2002, after mass chemotherapy. The occurrence of B. glabrata in all 11 snail habitats both at and away from water contact sites studied indicates widespread risk of human infection in the study area. In spite of the strong association between B. glabrata and tilapia in fishponds we do not recommend its use in schistosomiasis control for ecological reasons and its relative inefficiency in streams and dams.

The distribution of Biomphalaria spp. in different habitats in relation to physical, biological, water contact and cognitive factors in a rural area in Minas Gerais, Brazil

A total of 256 sites in 11 habitats were surveyed for Biomphalaria in Melquiades rural area (State of Minas Gerais) in August and November 1999 and in March 2000. Of the 1,780 Biomphalaria collected, 1,721 (96.7 percent) were B. glabrata and 59 (3.3 percent) B. straminea. Snails were found in all habitats except in wells, with the largest mean numbers in tanks, seepage ponds and canals, and the smallest numbers in springs, rice fields and fishponds. People's knowledge of the occurrence of Biomphalaria at the collection sites and the presence of Biomphalaria ova were strongly correlated with the occurrence of snails, and distance between houses and collection sites, as well as water velocity were inversely correlated with Biomphalaria occurrence (p < 0.001). The strongest predictor o f Biomphalaria occurrence was the presence of tilapia fish in fishponds. Fourteen Biomphalaria (0.8 percent of all snails) found at 6 sites were infected with Schistosoma mansoni. Suggestions are made for the utilization of local people's knowledge in snail surveys and further studies are recommended on the possible use of tilapia for biological control of Biomphalaria in fishponds, as well as modeling of S. mansoni transmission and reinfection

The spleen is an important site of T cell activation during human hepatosplenic schistosomiasis

We have undertaken a comparative immunephenotypic study of spleen cells from hepatosplenic patients (HS) and uninfected individuals (NOR) using flow cytometry. Our data did not show any significant differences in the mean percentage of T-cells and B-cells between the two groups. Analysis of activated T-cells demostrated that HS present an increased percentage of CD3+HLA-DR+ splenocytes in camparasion to NOR. Analysis of T-cell subsets demostrated a significant increase on the percentage of both activated CD4+T-splenocytes and CD8+cells in HS. We did not find any difference in the mean percentage of CD28+T-cells. Analysis of the B-cell compartament did not show any difference on the percentage of B1-splenocytes. However, the spleen seems to be an important reservoir/source for B1 lymphocytes during hepatosplenic disease, since after splenectomy we found a decrease on the percentage of circulating B1-lyphocytes. We observed an increase on the percentage of CD2+CD3-lymphocytes in the spleen of HS suggesting that the loss of CD3 by activated T-cells or the expansion of NK-cells might play a role in the development/maintenance of splenomegaly.

Immunological profiles of patients from endemic areas infected with Schistosoma mansoni

Crude extracts of eggs (SEA) adult worms (SWAP) or cercariae (Cerc) have been used to stimulate Peripheral Blood Mononuclear cells (PBMC) and have provided rather distinct profiles of responses in different types of patients. In genenral it is clear that patients with early infections respond strongly to SEA while response to SWAP are developed more slowly. As infection progresses into the more chronic phases, a general pattern is seen whic leads to lower anti-SEA proliferative responses in the face of higher responses to SWAP and variable anti-cerc responsiveness. Cured not re-exposed patients express very high levels of anti-SEA proliferation. It has recently been seen that those individuals who live in endemic areas and have continued water contact, but are reapeatedly stool-negative (who are presumed to have self-cured or be putatively resistant; endemic normals) are strongly responsive to antigenic extracts, particularly to SEA. Furthermore, our results show that endemic normal individuals have significantly higher IFN gamma production upon PBMC stimulation with schistosome antigens than infected individuals. With the emergence of more studies it is becoming apparent that both the intensity and the prevalence of a given area may influence or shape the general responsiveness of the population under study